Very thoughtful and nicely written. Some of these linguistic issues get very deep but they seem almost simple compared to the difficulty of understanding the cultural contexts those words were spoken in. For instance, even right now people in 2023 don't share a common intuition of what words like rich and poor mean as they apply to our neighbors or ourselves. If Jesus were talking today I wouldn't be assume that I knew what he meant by rich or poor without hearing a lot more words from Him than we get in the bible. Who knows how camels and needles apply in 2023 when even a homeless person might have a smart phone? But to me, that seems like an easy question compared to "A" son v "the" son. Forget "a" and "the"--- I don't even know what the word son meant back then. It clearly didn't mean what I understand it to mean. Parentage to us is a concrete chemical relationship in the DNA of three people, but to the ancient Greeks it was a social relationship as much as it was biology, which is a concept they didn't really have in the modern sense. I'm not sure what the word meant to the ancient Jews, but when we try to reason about "son" as if it were legal term with a precise meaning we are talking about our idea of what late Hellenistic period Greeks meant when writing many decades after the fact about what a very un-typical Aramaic speaking member of a particular Jewish sect meant when when he reportedly used the term to describe the relationship between celestial beings at a time that predates creation when neither the earth, nor earthly bodies, not even other celestial creatures existed. I don't understand how many centuries of translators developed so much confidence about what ancient people meant by these words.